The paper examines Libya’s transformation into a major arena of regional and global power competition since the fall of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. The collapse of his four-decade regime created a power vacuum that fuelled internal fragmentation, the rise of militias, and repeated civil wars. Libya’s instability has been exacerbated by the interference of external actors, turning the conflict into a proxy war. Countries such as Egypt, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Russia, France, and Türkiye have supported rival factions to pursue their strategic, political, and economic interests. The analysis highlights how foreign involvement particularly Russia’s use of mercenaries and financial backing for Khalifa Haftar, and Türkiye’s military and diplomatic support for the UN-backed Government of National Accord (GNA) has reshaped the balance of power.
While Russia seeks to expand its Mediterranean and Sahel influence, Türkiye’s role is framed as more constructive, focusing on political dialogue, state-build- ing, and protecting its interests in the Eastern Mediterranean. The paper also considers the positions of Libya’s neighbours Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, and Sudan whose security and economic stability are directly affected by Libya’s turmoil. Ultimately, the pa- per argues that sustainable peace requires inclusive political processes, credible elections, institutional rebuilding, and coordinated international mediation. Without consensus on governance and a reduction in foreign interference, Libya risks remaining frag- mented and unstable. The conclusion stresses that Libya’s future depends on transforming its status as a battlefield of external rivalries into a sovereign state built on reconciliation, stability, and resource-driven economic recovery.
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