Signed in June 2025 with mediation from Washington and Qatar, the DRC–Rwanda Peace Agreement 2025 promises an end to decades of violence in the Great Lakes region and the safe return of 6.9 million internally displaced persons and over half a million refugees. Yet its vague provisions on M23 and FDLR disarmament, Rwandan troop withdrawal, and reintegration funding raise concerns about implementation.
This policy outlook highlights how ambiguity in peace agreements can preserve strategic leverage for signatories while sidelining humanitarian priorities. It examines the tension between human security and the securitisation of mineral corridors—notably cobalt, tantalum, and rare earths essential to global AI technologies and green energy transitions.
Offering concrete policy recommendations—enforceable timelines, a regional reintegration fund, and community-led return programs—this outlook is designed for decision-makers, humanitarian actors, and analysts working on conflict resolution, post-conflict reconstruction, and sustainable development in the DRC and beyond.
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